Signal generators also know as function generator or test oscillator The WritePass Journal

Signal generators likewise know as capacity generator or test oscillator Theoretical Signal generators additionally know as capacity generator or test oscillator ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION ­SIGNAL GENERATOR (Outline and types)ARBITRARY WAVEFORM GENERATORFUNCTION SIGNAL GENERATORDESIGN OF SIGNAL GENERATORSOPERATING PRINCIPLES OF SIGNAL GENERATORFUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONSVERIFICATIONCHARACTERIZATIONSTRESS AND MARGING TESTINGCONCLUSIONREFERENCESRelated Conceptual Signal generators likewise know as capacity generator or test oscillator, have come to be progressively well known and most utilized testing gadget for the architects particularly and furthermore for the clinical segment. Signal generator conveys a precise adjusted range. It gives a sign that can be balanced by the recurrence, yield voltage, impendence, waveform and balance. It has been in presence and they are utilized from various perspectives before time till present. An American designer Nikola Tesla has passed on power starting with one area then onto the next as sign and uses a similar recurrence. This report discusses the diagram of a sign generator, how they do work utilizing their applications and furthermore portray to us their working standards utilizing the direct advanced union DDS, their sorts and plans. The Next page gives you a concise presentation about the beginning of sign generator and how they are been utilized back then. Presentation Before the Initiation of this gadget called signal generator which is around 1906 to 1920 are respected to be the beginning of radio, the main path for testing of new mechanical assembly or electronic instrument was to utilize another comparative gadget to make the sign, which was the situation of new apparatuses and tweak group in radio. During that time, this essential technique for testing worked magnificently with least rate mistakes, however issue emerges when there is a situation whereby they may be various gadgets under test. To tackle this issue, there must be requirement for such huge numbers of reference gadgets. One radio’s was picked which was utilized as a presentation boundary and was estimated which was currently utilized as the norm or â€Å"golden radio† as it has been called. Regardless of whether they are costly,  a ordinary change in their working highlights either during a brief timeframe because of heating up or during quite a while as an impact of proceeded with use, and thus their will be decrease in their precision. The requirement for signal generator that can adequately used to test gadgets as the field of architects must be to decrease this stream. Be that as it may, we will clarify the gadget â€Å"signal generator† in this report and furthermore we will examine about the working standards, and furthermore the things I have as of now notice in the theoretical region. In this next page, we will be taking a gander at the outline of this gadget signal generator.  ­SIGNAL GENERATOR (Outline and types) A sign generator likewise called a capacity generator or a book signal generator is an electronic gadget intended to play out an assortment of activities which incorporates band pass channel attributes, the reaction of enhancers to recurrence or shortcoming following in numerous electronic gear and circuits. â€Å"Signal generator is an apparatus generally utilized in fields, for example, modern electronic instrumentation, medication, creation, correspondence and research†, (Alloca and Stuart, 1983). A sign generator is the boost source that sets with an obtaining instrument to make the two components of a total estimation arrangement. In its different arrangements, signal generator can give improvement flags as simple waveforms, computerized information designs, tweak, clamor and it might include known, repeatable sum and kinds of mistake (twisting) to the sign it conveys. Signal generator can create the most sorts of waveforms or sign which are square waves, sine waves and triangular waves over a wide scope of recurrence. Coombs, (1972) pronounces that the recurrence scope of a sign generator perhaps under 1Hzto at any rate 1MHz. Some other sort of sign generators, can deliver heartbeat, trapezoid and slope waveforms including the ones notice above. In this way, there are numerous kinds of sign generator intended to an assortment of employments which has a lot of conceivable application implying that one specific sort of sign generator may not be reasonable for all reasons. Here are the two principle sort of sign generator Self-assertive waveform generator Capacity signal generator The following is an image case of a common capacity generator: Self-assertive WAVEFORM GENERATOR Self-assertive waveform generators (AWG) are confused playback framework that conveys waveforms dependent on put away advanced information that depicts the normally changing voltage levels of an AC signal. The subjective waveform generator can deliver any sort of waveform you can consider. You can utilize numerous techniques to make the required yield (from numerical formulae to drawing the waveform). Capacity SIGNAL GENERATOR Capacity generators are progressively straightforward contrast with subjective waveform generator. They create straightforward sign in wave structure and this signs are been produce by a circuit which makes the rehashing wave which is generally a sine wave. They are regularly use in procedure of planning or fix simples hardware. Plan OF SIGNAL GENERATORS Before the cutting edge waveform generators were started, simple was the method of activity. In certain enterprises, simple alludes both to the circuit strategy used to create signals and to the sign themselves. Usefulness, financial achievable, and sorts of waveform required have truly change the structure of sign generator in time of times, despite the fact that the conventional simple sign generators despite everything exist till date. The simple is a way to speak to a material measure, for example a marker on a current meter (controller), by an amount whose estimation is known. Such estimations, don't generally give the exact aftereffect of a specific instrument or gadget under test, as they are inclined to having floats in their working parts. Most present day signal generators depend on the advanced advances, for example, the cutting edge work generators which utilizes an innovation known as Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) which can give a wide scope of sign or waveform. The DDS gadget are increasingly similar to produce simple signs by means of making an advanced yield signal that is ceaselessly beat by a clock signal and finally making an interpretation of the computerized sign to shape a simple sign. The following is the trial chart of this procedure. The Method above, delineate that the information is provided into the 8bit counter which assess the contribution with a simple, (Q5 to Q0). The coordinating simple currently is been confirmed with a previously put away location which is the ROM (Read Only Memory) 256 x 8. As the counter cycles through the 256 distinct locations, which the ROM has for every simple, the ROM counter currently selects an advanced worth relating to that address which successively speaks to the information. This data is then handled and yields the 256 information focuses to the DAC (Digital to Analog Converter) which is the 8bit converter. The simple sign acquire is then appeared as a waveform. A case of a generator that utilizes this strategy delineated above is the 20MHz range work generator from BK Precision (model 4040DDS) picture is demonstrated as follows. As indicated by BK Precision (2010), this compass generator is a full included DDS generator, the unit produce great quality waveforms with a high sign accuracy and soundness and it gives sine and square wave yields over the recurrence go from 0.1Hz to 20 MHz in one broadened extend. The greater part of the DDS generator today are devoted instrument, basic and agreeable, and are requiring little to no effort from a couple several dollars to many thousand of dollars. In the following area, we are going to take a gander at how this gadget works. Working PRINCIPLES OF SIGNAL GENERATOR In this 21st century, the greater part of the advanced capacity generators utilize Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) innovation to create yield wave structures. BK Precision clear capacity generator (model 4040DDS) happens to be among one of this generators. This area depicts how DDS innovation functions. There are two basic thoughts of DDS innovation which incorporates: Creating a subjective waveform that can be in different waveforms or not allocated a specific incentive from an intermittent incline signals. Creating an advanced incline. To start with, consider creating wave work that can be in different waveforms or not relegated a specific incentive from an occasional incline signal. To make this clarification increasingly basic and reasonable, envision the slope time frame (t) is more prominent than or equivalent to 0s (t ≠¥ 0), at that point lets call the common incline work R(t) as appeared in the outline underneath. This incline work R(t) as appeared in figure 1 varies straightly or sway somewhere in the range of 0 and 1 with period T. Presently, assume their is another capacity F(t) that is characterized on the stretch 0≠¤ t ≠¥1, in numerical phrasing, the area of the capacity which is the qualities doled out to the free factors of F(t) is the half-shut span. Envision to develop another wave capacity of period T which is like R(t) with the state of F(t) and accepting again that the period is 4s utilizing the outline appeared in figure 4, we will see that as the time increments from t0 to t4, which is equivalent to one period, there is a grouping which suggests that their will be a progressive ascent in the capacity until t4, subsequently computing the relating estimation of each time and evacuating its number piece. For example, tn=â †. The count for t0 to t8 is appeared in the table underneath utilizing the figure 4 outline. The outline shows that there is an ascent in the time esteem, as in when one period is reach, it will begin once more until another period is reached. This is the means by which it works persistently for the characterized time span. This implies it resets

Threatening Forces Free Essays

Undermining powers are wherever we look throughout everyday life. Nearly anything could be viewed as a danger in today s society. The sonnet by James Joyce, I hear an Army Charging Upon the Land, contains proof of an undermining power. We will compose a custom article test on Undermining Forces or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now The undermining power in this sonnet is underground rock kids at an underground rock appear. Undermining powers are exceptionally obvious in this sonnet. A prime case of one is the point at which he says Arrogant, in dark covering. He is discussing kids in calfskin coats. It is there method of demonstrating they are punk and it looks undermining. Seeing individuals in calfskin coats is unnerving, particularly when society has prepared us to imagine that dark is an indication of. We have been prepared to believe that anything that stands apart is terrifying and individuals in dark calfskin coats stand out in contrast to everything else. Clearly, when James Joyce says in dark protective layer, it is a compromising power of underground rock. Underground rock is a firm subject of this sonnet should be threatening. This is built up when it says, Clanging, Clanging upon the heart as upon an iron block. This is stating how he feels that the chains that the children wear are startling. He feels that the sound of their chains dangling together is scaring. At the point when individuals who wear chains run the frequently make a noisy clamor and on the off chance that you wear mutiple, which the vast majority do, it makes a very boisterous commotion which can be discouraging. Plainly, the sound of the chains thumping together is a compromising sound. The individuals who tune in to underground rock music are a reoccurring topic of hazard. The undermining power of underground rock is unrestrained when James Joyce says; They come out of the ocean and show yelling to the shore. This is discussing them after a show and how they are rambunctious. Them coming out of the ocean is the point at which they come out of the mosh pit, out of the ocean of individuals. After this they are frequently rambunctious with the little vitality they have left finished. They are talking boisterously in light of the fact that their hearing was simply impacted by the noisy music. Individuals who are in a great state of mind and acting somewhat unruly are frequently appeared to be perilous particularly in the event that they are hollering. Clearly, punks after a show are viewed as an undermining power to society. The sonnet, I Hear an Army Charging Upon the Land, is about the danger that underground rock as far as anyone knows puts on our general public. Society is tied to its conviction that anything diverse is undermining. Despite the fact that a large portion of these individuals are not in any way shape or form frightening. It is difficult to accept that, when the pioneers of society, similar to the police, are continually accusing the issue of for these sorts of individuals. Is underground rock actually a compromising power in the public arena or only a way that we have been programmed to fear change and distinction? Instructions to refer to Threatening Forces, Essay models

Should I Major in Psychology

Should I Major in Psychology Student Resources Print Should I Major in Psychology? Is Psychology the Right Choice for You? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 16, 2019 David Schaffer / Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers Psychology can be a great choice for many students, but there are a number of questions you should ask yourself before committing to earning a psychology degree. Not sure if psychology is the right choice for you? Take this quick quiz to help determine if you should major in psychology. 1. Do You Enjoy Taking Psychology Classes? YesNo This first one seems fairly obvious, but the first thing you need to consider is whether or not psychology is something you really love. As a psychology major, you will be taking a wide range of classes covering many different subjects including personality, development, research methods, and cognition. If the answer is a resounding yes, then majoring in psychology is definitely something you should consider. If you cannot answer yes to this question, then it might be time to start exploring some alternative subjects that might spark your interest more. 2. Do You Enjoy Helping People? YesNo Part of the reason that many people are drawn to psychology is the helping nature of the profession. While there are many different fields of psychology and not all of them deal directly with mental health, one of the major goals of psychology is to solve real-world problems and help people lead better lives. There are a number of growing psychology fields such as industrial-organizational psychology and engineering psychology that do not center directly on helping individuals, but clinical psychology remains the single largest subfield within psychology. If you do enjoy helping other people and assisting those who are dealing with psychology and emotional difficulties sounds like a rewarding career, then psychology might be right up your alley. If you really dislike the idea of working directly with people, you should certainly consider some other options before committing to a psychology major program. 3. Are You Planning to Go to Graduate School? YesNo While there are opportunities for those with a bachelors degree in psychology, they are far more limited. Those who go on to graduate school enjoy more career options, increased job demand, and higher pay. If you think that graduate school is something that you would like to pursue, then earning a psychology degree might be a great option for you. If you know for a fact that you do not want to earn a graduate degree, then you might be better off looking at degree options that provide more work opportunities at the bachelors level. 4. Are You Good At Coping With Stress? YesNo   Psychology professions, particularly those in the mental health field, can be challenging, stressful, and emotionally draining at times. 5. Do You Enjoy Working With Other People YesNo   Psychologists work with a range of people. This might include clients suffering from mental illness, family members of clients, and other people who make up the mental health treatment team including physicians, psychiatrists, social workers, and other psychologists. 6. Have You Considered Different Career Options Within Psychology? YesNo There are tons of career options within psychology. While students often spend a lot of time learning about psychology, they sometimes neglect to research the many different career paths that are available. Mental health professions such as clinical psychologists, counselors, and social workers are some of the more obvious choices, but there are also a lot of alternatives to think about ranging from forensic psychology to health psychology. Spend some time researching some of the many different psychology careers out there in order to determine what might interest you the most. 7. Do You Enjoy Research, Experiments, and Statistics? YesNo Psychology majors dont just study how people think and behave â€" they also take a lot of classes in experimental methods and statistics. Even if you do not plan on working in a research-oriented career, it is important to gain a solid understanding of how statistics are used in psychology, how to conduct psychology research, and how to interpret the results of research studies. Your undergraduate psychology coursework will likely include several different classes focusing on statistics and research design. If this sounds like something you would enjoy, then psychology is probably a great choice for you. If, on the other hand, you really do not want to learn more about these topics, then it might be best to consider some other degree options. 8. Do You Enjoy Solving challenging Problems? YesNo Psychology professions can be rewarding and challenging. For example, those who work in mental health often have to deal with difficult situations involving clients, while those who work in other applied fields have to use their knowledge of psychology to develop real-world solutions to problems. Scoring Your Results Mostly Yess: Congratulations, majoring in psychology is probably an excellent choice for you! You most likely have a passion for the subject, you are thinking about graduate school, and are already exploring some of the many different career options that are out there. Just remember, you might have decided on a major but that doesnt mean that the research and decision-making process is over. As you progress further in school, you still need to figure out what your plans are after graduation, what kinds of psychology classes you need to take now, and how to gain further experience in your desired specialty area. 10 Psychology Courses Psych Majors Take Mostly Nos: Unfortunately, it looks like psychology might not be the best major for you. This doesnt mean that you should rule it out completely, but you might want to visit an academic advisor and spend some time considering other academic options. Related fields that might appeal to you include science-oriented careers such as biology or chemistry, health professions such as nursing or public health, and social science fields such as sociology and political science. A Word From Verywell Still not sure if psychology is the best choice for you? Then be sure to explore our wide range of resources below. You will find even more information on some of the questions you should ask yourself before you decide on a psychology major as well as a few of the great reasons to earn a psychology degree.   Start by considering some of the factors you should thinking about before you decide to major in psychology. You can also explore options for college minors that work well with psychology. It can also be helpful to consider some of the great reasons why people to choose to earn a psychology degree in the first place. Finally, consider taking our brief psychology career quiz in order to get a better idea of which career might be the best fit for you. 10 Great Reasons to Earn a Psychology Degree

Romanticism in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell by William...

Romanticism in William Blakes Poem William Blake was a poet, painter, and a printmaker all during the period in literature known as the Romantic time period. The Romantic time period, also known in Literature as Romanticism began in Europe, mainly France and Britain around the 1800s (Barker) and it was first defined as a tool to in literature and literary criticisms (Galitz). The Romantic period did not just focus on literature, but also on the subjects of art and knowledge which was fueled by the French Revolution and was also a reaction to the scientific rationalism and classicism of the Age of Enlightenment (Foundations of Romanticism). Romanticism emerged also as a response to the disillusionment with the Enlightenment values†¦show more content†¦The theme of imagination was a critical authority in the Romantic time period as well (Characteristics of Romanticism). William Blake uses aspects of Romanticism in his poem The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, by including themes s uch as the supernatural, love of nature, and lastly, imagination. In the poem The Marriage of Heaven and Hell by William Blake, one of his most prominent and obvious themes of Romanticism is that of the supernatural. The word supernatural means attributed to some force beyond scientific understanding of the laws of nature (Merriam-Webster). The Marriage of Heaven and Hell was Blakes way of taking his emotions and painting us a picture but in a way that was made up, or imaginative. (Cuddon, Morner and Rausch). In Blakes poem The Marriage of Heaven and Hell there are examples of the supernatural theme present because of how he is comparing and contrasting both heaven and hell. Blake makes the Devil and evil seem very real in a very gothic and gory way, but he also does not fail to mention the importance of good in relation to God, also Blake mentions Angels in his poem too. Throughout the poem, there is a never-ending battle between dualism because Blake says that without good or evil , we are nothing. (Reflections on Great Literature). Having to do with the good and the bad, Romantics believed that humans were already naturally good (Characteristics of Romanticism). Blake assures that withoutShow MoreRelatedThe Marriage of Heaven and Hell Essay922 Words   |  4 PagesThe Marriage of Heaven Hell William Blake The Romantic Period We, as members of the human race, have been endowed with five senses. We have the ability to reason and to be reasonable. We are able to present, receive, and mentally process information logically. The period in history when the importance of these innate functions was stressed is known as the Age of Reason, or the Enlightenment. Also important to this age was the use of science, scientific methods, and theories. This periodRead MoreRomanticism1649 Words   |  7 PagesRomanticism in the Nineteenth Century The Romantic period followed the era of logical, philosophical, and social movement in the 17th to 18th century. However, as the 19th century began, Romanticism came into the light with a new perspective that intrigued the people. It stressed emphasis on emotions and imagination while also helping to realize the importance of self-expression. The American Romanticism movement illustrated inspiration, bias and predominance of individuals in the nineteenth centuryRead MoreWilliam Blake, the Most Romantic of Them All Essay474 Words   |  2 PagesTo truly understand William Blake, there must be at least moderate explanation of the time in which he wrote. Blake was a literary figure at the turn of the 18th century, a very early Romantic, but most defiantly a Romantic. All of the common themes, visionary, fantastic images, emphasis on the individual self, the common man, the notion of the sublime( a thrilling emotional experience that combines awe, magnificence and horror), Pantheism . All these decidedly Romantic ideas are prevalentRead MoreThe Romantic Era: The Pain of Composition Romanticism allowed poets to have the world at their900 Words   |  4 PagesRomantic Era: The Pain of Composition Romanticism allowed poets to have the world at their fingertips. In the course of the American and French Revolutions, political, social, and economic traditions were being shaken. No longer were they bound to what was thought of as appropriate topics for writing. These poets were allowed to use firsthand experience to guide their creativity. Romantics created their poetry by using their own heartfelt emotions. William Blake, I believe, was a visionary with moreRead MoreThe Romantic Imagination in Action3457 Words   |  14 Pagesraised such interest, and theory in the understanding of the imagination. As stated earlier, the concept of imagination has been a topic of discussion, throughout history and has certainly had a distinctive and pivotal place among the Romantics. Romanticism which originated in Western Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries, was an intellectual movement which followed the Enlightenment. This period emphasized the self, creativity, imagination and the value of art. It was a movement that stronglyRead MoreEssay on Common Issues in Romanticism1475 Words   |  6 PagesThe key figures in Romanticism addressed many of the same issues. Such connectivity is marked in William Blake’s poems â€Å"Infant Sorrow† and â€Å"On Another’s Sorrow†, and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Shelley, like Blake, argues for continual development of innocence to experience, and through the character of Victor Frankenstein’s creation, Mary Shelley suggests the equilibrium of innocence and experience offers insight into the human condition. The shift is distinguished by what Blake states in plate 3Read MoreWhat Are the Salient Features of Blake’s Poetry?843 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are the sali ent features of Blake’s poetry? Of all the romantic poets of the eighteenth century, William Blake (1757-1827) is the most independent and the most original. In his earliest work, written when he was scarcely more than a child, he seems to go back to the Elizabethan song writers for his models; but for the greater part of his life he was the poet of inspiration alone, following no man’s lead, and obeying no voice but that which he heard in his own mystic soul. Though the mostRead MoreLiterature : Demonstrating Individual, Ideologies, While Challenging The Dominant Ideology2168 Words   |  9 Pagesof the forms. Luckily, Eagleton tells us that â€Å"most typically in Romanticism, the spiritual absorbs the sensual, content over form,† so the period of Romanticism can provide great examples for this Marxist discussion (Eagleton 10). The Romanticists, William Blake and William Wordsworth are rather adequate representatives, for the former looks forward to a bright future with an irregular form of speech in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, whereas the later nostalgically seeks for â€Å"spots of time† in theRead MoreEssay about The Representation of the Female in William Blake1921 Words   |  8 PagesRepresentation of the Female in William Blake If William Blake was, as Northrop Frye described him in his prominent book Fearful Symmetry, a mystic enraptured with incommunicable visions, standing apart, a lonely and isolated figure, out of touch with his own age and without influence on the following one (3), time has proved to be the visionarys most celebrated ally, making him one of the most frequently written about poets of the English language. William Blake has become, in a sense,Read MoreAmerican War Of Independence And The French Revolution Essay1755 Words   |  8 Pages Romanticism as a movement is as rebellious as its content. Lynch and Stillinger attempt to define it historically rather than continuously, naming it the â€Å"shortest †¦ period in British literary history† (3). They place it within the timespan of 1785 to 1832, beginning between the American War of Independence and the French Revolution and ending with the passage of the Reform Act in British Parliament. In this time of reflection and change, authors re-examined the previously discarded medieval romances

A Research Lab On The Workplace - 1617 Words

In the workplace, many people will come into contact with clients, colleagues, supervisors, managers, and even board members. These individuals each play a crucial role in order for an organization to succeed. Therefore, it is vital that this large network of people is able to work well together in teams and groups. However, there will be complications and problems when working in groups. A common problem that typically arises in the workplace is the perceived lack of commitment and motivation, resulting in the lack of productivity when conducting group work. From my personal experience, I used to work for a research lab that required to me to work on several experiments and projects with a group of colleagues. My group was responsible for conducting multiple experiments, analyzing the data and publishing results in scientific journals and presentations. However, the group I was placed in lacked leadership with low person orientation and low task orientation. Because there was a lack of leadership, communication was little to nonexistent within the group so groups felt as if they were just independent work alone. Also, there was lack of affective and continuance commitment within the group since my colleagues and I lost purpose of what goals we were working towards in the lab. Therefore, lack of motivation and commitment was prevalent as group members, including myself, did not complete experiments in time and did not have much of a focus of why we were in the research labShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Occupational Health And Safety At The Workplace1384 Words   |  6 Pagesassuring the safety and welfare of their employees. The purpose of my research paper is to emphasize on the importance of Occupational Health and Safety at the workplace. About 4/5th of the employed workforce considers health and safety as the number one priority related to their job when compared to wages, sick leaves and other benefits. I will use my internship experience at Halliburton this past summer to lay the foundation of my research paper. Halliburton, being an oilfield services company, has tremendousRead MoreSummary Of Smart Textile Applications Within The Medical Field1182 Words   |  5 Pages Smart Textile Applications within the Medical Field Keanna Rutledge Delaware State University Research has proven that the clothes one wears can affect the person’s mental and physical performance (Michalak KruciÅ„ska, 2017). Moreover, it is posited that there is something biological that happens when one puts on a snazzy outfit and feel like he or she is a new person. The act of wearing formal business attire is proven to increase the abstract thinking of an individual. BesidesRead MoreEmployee Drug Testing: Fair and Effective Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica, billions of taxpayer dollars are spent to pay for the unnecessary expenses caused by drug-impaired employees. Workers whose performances are negatively altered by drug use contribute to losses in business productivity and assist in lowering workplace safety. On average, according to the Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America (CADCA), $100 billion is lost per year due to accidents, decreases in productivity, and other related expenses caused by incompetent, drug abusing employees (â€Å"Coaliti ons†)Read MoreRisk and Benefits Assessment1411 Words   |  6 Pagesvariety of techniques intended to reduce the cost of providing health benefits and improve the quality of care. The clinical research market is a very vast and ever changing market. There are continuous evolutions taking place and there are always new products coming into market everyday. Though it takes many years for a drug to come into market there is a continuous research going on. There are advancements taking place continuously in this industry, which is not possible without the main playersRead MoreThe Psychological Effects Of Clothing Has On An Individual1610 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol our success rate in life and in the workforce. A person that is dressed professional in our society is viewed as a prominent member of our society. This same person is taken seriously in his or her profession when dress appropriately. My research project will go into depth discussing the psychological effects clothing has on an individual from establishing boundaries in the workforce, enhancing cognitive skill, and influencing personal identity. Business attire in the workforce builds aRead MoreMotivation Research : Curiosity And Career Related962 Words   |  4 PagesPaper 1 My motivation to do research is both curiosity and career related. I like the idea of living life by asking questions and figuring out why things work the way they do. I feel like it is more beneficial to me to ask clarifying and probing questions; to be content with the state of a problem is to stop looking for more. In a career setting, I recognize the importance of research to a psychology graduate program. Graduate school is centered around a large-scale research project. The ability to effectivelyRead MoreScience As A Nano Scientist1427 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribed as a convergence of physics, chemistry, materials science and biology, which deals with the manipulation and characterization of matter on length scales between the molecular and the micron-size. Nano scientists are expected to perform research related to formations at the atomic and subatomic levels. In addition, they must have excellent hand eye coordination as well as persistence and patience. Above all, the rea der must first decide if this seems like a career for them. CoincidentallyRead MoreThe Psychological Effects Of Clothing Has On An Individual1614 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol our success rate in life and in the workforce. A person that is dressed professionally in our society is viewed as a prominent member of our society. This same person is taken seriously in his or her profession when dress appropriately. My research project will go into depth discussing the psychological effects clothing has on an individual from establishing boundaries in the workforce, enhancing cognitive skill, and influencing personal identity. Business attire in the workforce builds aRead MoreThe Effects Of Occupational Safety And Dictate Human Performance Within A Work Environment1246 Words   |  5 Pagespush for more, the curiosity for research that tremors off my bones, and the substantial amount of research experience that I have acquired thus far, will give me the appropriate qualifications to flourish through graduate school and become a top Ph.D. level researcher. One of the best decisions I made was applying for the Undergraduate Research Assistant Program at Old Dominion University. As a Research Assistant in Dr. Xiaoxiao Hu’s Affect and Relational Dynamics Lab, I enriched myself with continuouslyRead MoreSexism As A Scientist Or Engineer886 Words   |  4 Pagesthe lab. In the past of my experiences with my brother, I went to visit his college called California State University, Fresno or Fresno State for short. I used my experience in this essay because it is related to my job position and the case that I will explain henceforth in this essay. I entered Fresno State to explore several buildings on campus. The first building I went into is College of Science and Mathematics. As you see, I love to learn about microorganisms, so I went to see the lab. As

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense Free Essays

Thomas Paine is one of the important founding fathers of America who with his powerful language won over the hearts of the Americans. Thus he united America to rebel against the greatest super power in the world at the time – England. Thomas Paine came to America from Britain at just the right time because he would see the condition of America and with the power of his words he would subdue the public in believing in his cause. We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Paine’s Common Sense or any similar topic only for you Order Now He used propaganda to make the people see the horrors England was opposing on the Americans.He tamed the public into believing him with one of the most famous work of the Age of Reason era Common Sense. People were won to the necessity for common sense that argued for separation. The realization that this was necessary to improve the life of the lower class. Thomas Paine, when he called for separation said â€Å" Everything that is right or reasonable pleads for separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, ’tis time to part†( Paine, Common Sense). In pennsylvania the common people seized control of the government, while greatly increasing their strength in the assemblies.These assemblies began telling their delegates in Congress to declare independence. Paine was a Deist who believed in God as a benevolent Creator who allowed the universe to operate by natural law. Paine argued that the New World was discovered shortly before the Reformation and the Puritans had believed that God wanted to give them a safe haven from the religious persecution they faced in Britain. Deism was not popular until the Revolution when Paine said it was natural to throw off the rule of King George III, and declare their independence.Paine appeals to the public with his vast knowledge in Common Sense. In his pamphlet he emphasizes many points. First, Paine felt is was wrong for an island to rule a continent. He said America was not a â€Å"British nation† as it was composed of influences and peoples from all of Europe. Paine was a master mind who knew how to pull the strings when he says, Even if Britain was the â€Å"mother country† of America, Paine thought that made the actions of the British government against the colonists all the more wrong as no mother would harm her children in the way Britain was harming America.He made the Americans emotional because the were tired of getting taxed heavily from Britain. He said Britain ruled the colonies for its own benefit, and did not consider the best interests of the colonists. This was because the taxes were increasing without the consent of America and the public was fed up with it. Thomas Paine was so well received in America was because not only did he talk but he also proved it by his actions. Paine joined the revolutionary forces convinced that â€Å" those who expect to reap the blessings of freedom must†¦ undergo the fatigue of supporting it† ( Paine 67).He would rally the troops and George Washington even had some of his quotes read to all the soldiers. One of his most famous quotes was â€Å"These are the times that try men’s souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country, but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny†¦ is not easily conquered, yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. † ( Paine, The crises).This shows People that fight our wars over the years have suffered during battle and then suffer it over and over again throughout their lives. The longer you are in battle the more difficult it becomes to fight. That is why now they rotate troops so that one person isn’t in the thick of it for a very long time. A summer soldier would be a person that has fought but for a short time(a summertime) and is ready to quit and a sunshine patriot is a person that is patriotic only when times are good(the sunshine is out).Paine says these are times that try men’s souls. So it is a very hard time and he says that those that stay and fight deserves the thanks of every person they are fighting for. Paine says tyranny is not easily conquered so they fight the good fight to rid the colonists from the tyranny of England. And the consolation or comfort one should get from the how hard the conflict is that the harder it is the better the victory will be. . . freedom will be glorious. Paine was a liberal and believed that the government which governs less is the best form of government.Paine summarized in common sense that the distance between the two nations made governing the colonies from London unworkable. Paine observed that if some wrong were to be petitioned in Parliament, it would take a year before the colonies received a response. This would not work and America would need to set up its own government to earn itself an identity. Paine believed in a government who would interfere as less as possible and let nature run its course. All in all the Pamphlet written by Paine had an enormous impact on entire America. The things he stated in his pamphlet were reasonable and that got thorough the people.It made people become conscious that America has to be free from the shackles of British Empire and gain respect around the world—an identity of it’s own. Paine gives the text an emotional tone alongside numerous logical reasons and narrations the people of America would never forget. The best part of the text was the use of familiar language comprehended by everyone, which helped his work spread around the colonies far away. The straightforward style and tone used by Paine made his pamphlet one of the finest written pamphlets in the world. It is justified in being named â€Å"Common Sense†. How to cite Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, Papers

Case Study †Starbucks - Business Improvement Portfolio

Question: Describe about business improvement portfolio - a case of starbucks? Answer: Introduction Starbucks Coffee is the leading American beverage supplier originally based in Seattle, USA. It is ranked as the largest coffee supplier specializing in supplying fine quality coffee in an economically sustainable environment. Starbucks dominates the industry with a market share of around 36.7% followed by Dunkin Brands Inc with around 24.6% market share and 38.7% occupied by other brands together like Costa Coffee, Tim Hortons and McDonalds. According to Biviji (2010) a particular organization adopts business improvement initiatives in order to increase the productivity in a cost effective manner. According to the British Quality Foundation, the most effective approaches that the organizations adopt are Lean six- sigma, business process reengineering and Benchmarking. From 2001 to 2008, Starbucks experienced a slowdown in the sales rate, a decline in the customer loyalty levels and customer footfalls and problems related to overstocking of products. To improve the conditions, to manage inventory costs and to devise customer-focused strategies, Starbucks decided to adopt lean six-sigma model within their working procedure. The management at Starbucks focused on the fact that use of lean six-sigma will effectively help Starbucks to create a customer service consistency and help increasing the brand value of the products (Kalnins and Stroock, 2011). Theory analysis According to Caudwell (2011) Lean six-sigma is a collaborative model used by the organizations to improve performance by removal of unnecessary human wastes, reduce unnecessary time limits and control the resources flow. Augusto Cauchick Miguel and Marcos Andrietta (2010) suggested that adoption of lean technologies enables the organization in creation of high quality, defect free, and value added and cost effective products. Lean techniques are generally used by the automotive industries like Toyota for production of 100% error free products. The concept of Sis Sigma was developed by Motorola in 1986 to structure a highly disciplined program that will effectively deliver a perfect product. The six-sigma process is based on the following principles Continuous focus on the critical and quality requirements of Customers and stakeholders Understanding of the process requirements that will be able to deliver critical and quality requirements to the customers Extensive use of facts and statistical data to understand the problems Developing a flexible and detailed process Focus on continuous improvement of the process in a systematic way Figure1: Lean Six-sigma Process (Source: Zhang, 2011, pp105) The method is adopted by around 600 organizations all around the world. Brati (2011) suggested that following are the major benefits that provoke the organizations to adopt lean six- sigma. Reduction of defects: The use of lean six-sigma approach has helped the organizations to produce defect free products. For instance, Motorola in its six-sigma initiative have successfully reduced production defects by over 300 fold that has helped the company to save up to $11 billion as manufacturing costs (Clarkson and Eckert, 2005). Reduction of process time: Lean six-sigma aims to manage the time wastage in the production process for successfully reducing the lead-time. For instance, LG electronics a UK based company used lean six-sigma process in effectively reducing the lead-time from initial 56 days to 41 days. Further, the company improved the inventory control process by reducing inbound led time from 8 to 5 days. This helped LG to save interest charges and freights charges (Antony, 2007). Effective employee development: The process involves the employees in the improvement process that makes the employees responsible and accountable thereby building a sense of trust and transparency within the organization. With the help of six-sigma approach the project managers at Microsoft were able to attain six-sigma green belt certification which stated that the mangers at Microsoft were ready to face any challenging situation (Adebanjo, and Mann, 2008). Reduction in costs: Hu and Tian (2011) opined that reduction of lead time and reduction of waste in respect of human labor and production materials contributes to the cost savings of the organizations. The following table shows the annual savings that different companies have been able to make by using lean six-sigma. Name of the company Annual savings (approximate figures) General electric $ 2 billion JP Morgan Chase $ 1.5 billion Honeywell $ 650 million Texas Instruments $ 590 million Johnson and Johnson $ 500 million Improvement in customer value: The use of lean six-sigma by the automotive industries have helped the companies like Toyota, General Motors etc to successfully produce vehicles in accordance to the critical requirements of the customers, reduction of manufacturing defects at each stage of production and improving the safety factors within the finished vehicles (Krajewski, Ritzman and Malhotra, 2010). However apart from the following benefits, the process also encounters certain controversies that may contribute to the negative aspects of the process. Difficulty in implementation: Chua and Banerjee (2013) suggested that the mere concept of application of six-sigma in controlling all departments within an organization is a complex process hence large organizations like Tesco find it difficult to effectively manage all the divisions with the help of six-sigma strategies. Home Depot, a retail company, noticed negative atmosphere affecting the employee morale and customer sentiment due to stringent application of six-sigma in all departments. Although the implementation made the company profitable, however the company noticed reduction in the stock price (Basu, 2004). Financial constraint: The organization implementing six-sigma requires employees who are effectively trained from certified six sigma institutes. Hence, small or medium sized organizations are incapable of implementing six -sigma due to high employee cost. Not suitable for all companies: The application of lean six-sigma should be made based on the type of industry in which the company is operating. A drastic failure was noticed in 3M after the introduction of lean six-sigma (Dahm, 2011). Before the introduction of the process, the employees at 3M were given the opportunity to use 15% of the total working hour as personal research hours. This strategy was adopted to allow generation of innovative ideas among the employees that contributed in the productivity of the company. However, the introduction of rigid total quality management process created a stiff situation that restricted the growth of creative ideas within the organization (Vemic- Djurkovic and Maric, 2010). Case application Initial investments of Starbucks concerned investment in store infrastructure and launching of new products. According to Forbes analysis these investments and fast shop openings contributed to the superficial growth of Starbucks. The company however did not pay attention to the customer initiatives and maintenance of inventory and operating costs. Following are the major issues that the management at Starbucks required to solve in order to gain back the loyalty and save costs (Lagrosen, Chebl and Rios Tuesta, 2011). Improvements in employee productivity: Part time working students are the major employees of Starbucks so it becomes difficult for the company to provide quality services. Thus, Starbucks requires providing training tools for the increment in the productivity of the employees. Improvements in products and stores: Starbucks also need to improve their product line by introducing significant products that will match the critical demands of the customers. Moreover, the company needs to improve the store design so that the customers are more attracted and devise strategies for enhancements of Starbucks experience (George, 2010). Development of customer focused initiatives: The Company to increase the customer footfall needs to employ customer-focused initiatives like introduction of Starbucks loyalty card. Regenerating the brand value : The Company will have to restore the brand value by regaining the emotions of the customers concerning the brand (Cole, 2008). Considering the above issues that Starbucks need to resolve it can be suggested that adoption of lean will be effective. Use of lean will improve the productivity by providing better training tools to the inexperienced employees of Starbucks. The use of the Queuing theory approach within the store will help Starbucks to improve the store design and customer flow. The use of six-sigma approach will help Starbucks to reduce the lead time on the production of coffee and this will help Starbucks to spend more time in connecting with customers. Hence, the usage of the lean six sigma will help Starbucks to effectively reduce the defects rates and also eliminate the waste from the manufacturing process (Furst, 2010). The lean six- sigma process is implemented using five stages namely defining the process that needs to be improved, measure the current process performance, analyze the data ascertained from the measurement, improve the errors within the process and determine control methods in order to improve the process (Antony and Banuelas, 2002). Application of lean six-sigma in Starbucks Starbucks prices products that are costlier than other coffee brands however; the customer loyalty of Starbucks is a result of the high customer satisfaction and pleasurable experience that Starbucks offers (Marksberry, 2011). Define In this phase, the management at Starbucks will define the major issue that needs to be addressed. Here the major issue of Starbucks is to maintain a consistency in the customer experience. With the help of voice of the customer and critical to quality tools, the following elements of customer satisfaction may be identified. Voice of the customer Critical to quality High coffee quality Fast table service Friendly and congenial environment Variety of coffee flavors Avoidance of store smell Avoidance of kitchen noise Soothing store interior colors Comfortable seating arrangements with corner shacks Measure The main objective of this stage in lean six-sigma is to set guidelines for the improvement of the production process. In Starbucks, the measurable factor is customer experience and the organization needs to set guidelines for improvement of the customer experience. Following are the measures that should be taken by the organization (Snee, 2010). Line queuing: The cost of waiting in a line is reduced with the help of effective line queuing methods (Dumitru, 2011). There are four types of waiting line models and Starbucks uses the multi line method for fast and reliable service and thereby can reduce the waiting time of the customer and increase the customer experience. Starbucks has increased the customer ordering process with the help of queuing method. Figure 2 : Proposed Customer ordering process in Starbucks (Source: Tata and Jones, 2011, pp-92) Product quality: The various measurable factors of product quality of Starbucks are namely the product temperature, freshness and consistency in the taste and quality. In case of hot and cold coffee Starbucks can effectively use lean six-sigma to set the temperature level to acceptable upper and lower limits as determined by the Health and Safety regulations in order to provide satisfying customer experience (Martinez and Gitlow, 2011). The product freshness of the coffee and the other food products of Starbucks should be measured by a focus group survey. The freshness of a product depends on the storage life of the product. Starbucks uses an aseptic bottling process where they sanitize the bottle and frees from bacteria so that the coffee products can be stored for a longer period along with taste, smell, texture and flavor. The use of this bottling process has helped Starbucks in gaining customer satisfaction and increase the carry to home service. For maintaining product consistency Starbucks has to maintain coffee texture, consistent preparation method for coffee, coffee flavor mixture, serving temperature and coffee presentation. Shop atmosphere: Comfortable and creative shop atmosphere will also contribute to increase the customer experience in Starbucks. Lena six-sigma identifies the major desirable atmospheric factors namely soothing interior colors, Dim lighting, corner seats, kiosks, room temperature air conditioners and light music. With the help of customer psychological studies and focus group interviews Starbucks will be able to ascertain the factors that needs to be improved to improve the customer experience (Nicoletti, 2013). The psychological study conducted by Starbucks has revealed that adoption of green color in the logo of the company generates a positive sign in the customer experience. The customers perceive the sign as environmental sustainability and the color revive them of stress. Analysis The main purpose of this stage is to determine the major causes of the problems and eliminate the causes to improve the process. By using the lean six-sigma, Starbucks tried to determine the standard product quality elements and standard atmospheric elements that needs to be improved in order to improve the customer experience. Product quality factors Atmosphere quality factors 20 minutes time duration in order line queuing resulting in high waiting time and wastage of time in line queuing 50 watt lighting generates reading problems for customers Slow order completion process Average service time per customer is 25 minutes Use of bulb lighting creates loud environment Hot Coffee served remains hot for only 1 minute suggesting low temperature levels Use of wooden chairs and no sofa or couch available Changes to be made in flavors of Frappucino and Mocha (Paryani, 2012) Brown color in the logo suggests strength and conventionality and prevents uniqueness and connectivity Improve This stage evolves solutions to the problems. The focus is on the most innovative, easy and improved solution. By using the lean six-sigma process Starbucks has implemented the following improvements in order to enhance customer experience. Adoption of multiple line method to decrease the waiting time from 20 minutes to 5 minutes (Eroglu and Hofer, 2011) The coffee served is preserved at an average temperature of around 190F +/- 10F to ensure hotness of the coffee for around 15 to 20 minutes after it has been served The other eatable products should be packaged with a storage life of maximum 3 days to maintain the freshness of the products Starbucks should use florescent tubes of 500 watts in order to create a soothing internal atmosphere (Salah, Rahim and Carretero, 2010). Store interiors should be decorated with couches and sofas, inclusion of wifis, readable lamps on the top of corner seats and should use light shades for the interior colors Control This stage will devise monitoring steps in order to control the success of the implemented steps. Starbucks implemented the following control methods in order to control the customer experience process. Opening of more counters and employee more kitchen staffs in order to reduce waiting time (Ray and Das, 2010) The use of Bunn coffee machine to keep the coffee hot at the time of serving Using First in first out method to clear stock inventory of eatables like Blueberry muffin, Grilled cheese, egg salad sandwich so that freshness can be maintained Use of diagonal and aesthetic store layout and design evaluated by the retail store quality management team Constant upgrading of the color, interiors and store settings and size (Pezziardi, 2010) Conclusions and recommendations The assignment shows the application of the lean six-sigma methodology by Starbucks to increase the customer experience. However, the customers are of the opinion that although lean six-sigma has been successfully reduced the waiting time however, the staffs at Starbucks are in hurry to complete the order and hence are giving less time on customer service. Hence it can be recommended that Starbucks should adopt lean six-sigma however should not make stringent organizational policies that will hamper the process of customer satisfaction. Since Starbucks is a service industry hence fulfilling the gap between customer expectation and customer services should be removed effectively. Hence Starbucks should keep the qualitative aspects in the customer experience although if it adopts the lean six-sigma. Reference list Adebanjo, D., and Mann, R. (2008b). Sustainability of benchmarking networks: A case-based analysis.Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 19(12), 107122. Antony, J. (2007). Six Sigma: a strategy for supporting innovation in pursuit of business excellence. International Journal of Technology Management, 37(1-2), 8-12. Antony, J., and Banuelas, R. (2002). Key ingredients for the effective implementation of Six Sigma program. Measuring Business Excellence, 6(4), 20-27. Augusto Cauchick Miguel, P. and Marcos Andrietta, J. (2010). Outcomes from a descriptive survey of Six Sigma management practices in Brazil.Lean Six Sigma Journal, 1(4), pp.358-377. Basu, R. (2004). Six-Sigma to operational excellence: role of tools and techniques. International Journal of Six Sigma and Competitive Advantage, 1(1), 44-64. Biviji, Y. (2010).Evolving to Six Sigma quality. [S.l.]: Yusuf Biviji. Brati, D. (2011). Six Sigma: A Key Driver for Process Improvement.CIBIMA, pp.1-15. Caudwell, J. (2011). Starbucks in the Stacks.The Serials Librarian, 61(3-4), pp.321-322. Chua, A. and Banerjee, S. (2013). Customer knowledge management via social media: the case of Starbucks.Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(2), pp.237-249. Clarkson, J. and Eckert, C. (2005).Design process improvement. London [U.K.]: Springer. Cole, G. (2008). Grande Expectations: a Year in the Life of Starbucks' Stock20081Karen Blumenthal. Grande Expectations: a Year in the Life of Starbucks' Stock . Loughton: Piatkus 2007.Management Decision, 46(4), pp.673-675. Dahm, M. (2011). Mehr Effizienz mit Lean Six Sigma.Bankmagazin, 60(12), pp.28-30. Dumitru, (2011). Optimization of Coaching Using Six Sigma.Journal of Social Sciences, 7(3), pp.319-325. Eroglu, C. and Hofer, C. (2011). Lean, leaner, too lean? The inventory-performance link revisited.Journal of Operations Management, 29(4), pp.356-369. Furst, P. (2010). Lean Six Sigma innovative safety performance management.Injury Prevention, 16(Supplement 1), pp.A16-A16. George, M. (2010).The lean six sigma guide to doing more with less. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Hu, B. and Tian, Y. (2011). Six Sigma Applied in Inventory Management.AEF, 1, pp.355-359. Kalnins, A. and Stroock, L. (2011). Pouring Israel into a Starbucks Cup.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 52(2), pp.135-143. Krajewski, L., Ritzman, L. and Malhotra, M. (2010).Operations management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Lagrosen, Y., Chebl, R. and Rios Tuesta, M. (2011). Organisational learning and Six Sigma deployment readiness evaluation: a case study.Lean Six Sigma Journal, 2(1), pp.23-40. Marksberry, P. (2011). The Toyota Way a quantitative approach.Lean Six Sigma Journal, 2(2), pp.132-150. Martinez, D. and Gitlow, H. (2011). Optimizing employee time in a purchasing department: a Six Sigma case study.Lean Six Sigma Journal, 2(2), pp.180-190. Nicoletti, B. (2013). Lean Six Sigma and digitize procurement.Lean Six Sigma Journal, 4(2), pp.184-203. Paryani, K. (2012). Product quality, service reliability and management of operations at Starbucks.International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 3(7). Pezziardi, P. (2010).Lean management. Paris: Eyrolles - E d. d'organisation. Ray, S. and Das, P. (2010). Six Sigma project selection methodology.Lean Six Sigma Journal, 1(4), pp.293-309. Salah, S., Rahim, A. and Carretero, J. (2010). The integration of Six Sigma and lean management.Lean Six Sigma Journal, 1(3), pp.249-274. Snee, R. (2010). Lean Six Sigma getting better all the time.Lean Six Sigma Journal, 1(1), pp.9-29. Tata, R. and Jones, G. (2011). Six Sigma culture as a management principle.Transfusion, 51(7pt2), pp.1604-1608. Vemic- Djurkovic, J. and Maric, R. (2010). The influence of human resource management on improvement of business ethics.Perspectives of Innovations, Economics and Business, pp.77-79. Zhang, X. (2011). Communicating Coffee Culture through the Big Screen: Starbucks in American Movies.Comparative American Studies, 9(1), pp.68-84.

The Name of the Rose Heresy, Inquisition, and Interrogation Representation

galileo galilei essays

galileo galilei essays Galileo Galilei was born near Pisa, Italy, on February 15, 1564 (Drake). Galileo was the first child of Vincezio Galiei, a merchant and a musician (Jaki 289). In 1574, Galileos family moved from Pisa to Florence, where Galileo started his formal education (Jaki 289). Seven years latter, in 1581, Galileo entered the University of Pisa as a medical student (Drake). In 1583, home on vacation from medical school, Galileo began to study mathematics and physical sciences (Jaki 289). A Family friend and professor at the Academy of Design, Ostilio Ricci, worked on translating some of Archimedes, which Galileo read and became interested in. This is where Galileo got his deep interest in Archimedes (Jaki 289). When returning to medical school, medical school became less appealing to Galileo, and his deep interests in Archimedes and mathematics drew him in, Galileo left without a degree in 1584 (Drake). Starting his studies, in 1585, in Aristotelian physics and cosmology, Galileo had to leave the University of Pisa before he got his degree, because of financial problems (Jaki 289). Going back to Florence, Galileo spent three unsuccessful years looking for a teaching position (Jaki 289). During this time Galileo was increasing his understanding of physics and mathematics. Also during this hard time Galileo wrote two discourses one about principles of balancing and the other about center of gravity of different solid objects (Jaki 289). These writings were circulated in manuscript form only, but they made Galileo well known in the scientific community. Galileo became renowned in 1588, when he gave a lecture at the Florentine Academy on the topography of Dantes Inferno, where he showed his extensive knowledge on mathematics and geometry (Jaki 289). In 1589, Galileos rising reputation as a mathematician and natural philosopher (physicist), earned him a teaching spot at the University of Pisa (Jaki 289). Galileo spent three y...

Religion Or Mythology In Greek Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religion Or Mythology In Greek Culture - Essay Example There are two main types of myths in Greek culture; the divine myths that deals with the gods, their origins as well as actions, and heroic myths that are based on human actions. From these myths, one can affirm that Greeks valued life. They also believed in living their life to the fullest since they disregarded death as part of life (Sailors 7). Greeks also value specific people in the society. This is evidenced by their carving of imperishable legends that did magnificent things while they were alive. In other words, they carved their legends as one way of pursuing fame. In connection with this, it is apparent that some of the Greek myths influenced the lifestyle of youths. The myths were models of human excellence, and as a result of this, Greek youths emulates them. Greeks greatly admire strength, beauty as well as intelligence. The value of these elements is evidenced by their myth that grants men the power of measuring all things. In tandem with this, it is the nature of the G reeks to have a man deciding on almost all things in life. In conclusion, religion and mythology play a significant role in the Greek society. Religion enabled Greeks to communicate their experiences despite being made up of different religious practices. Apart from acting as self-representation of the Greek community, Greek religion served as a unifying factor. Greek myths show that Greeks valued life as well as specific people in the society. The involvement of religion in everything done in Greece led to the unification of the Greek’s religious culture.

Respons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Respons - Essay Example I agree with the author because using phone while walking is dangerous as it distracts a person from external environment and causes accidents and even death. Many a times, people underestimate the negative consequences of using a cell phone while walking or driving. For instance, last week while I was walking along the side way, I saw a young man talking on the phone and crossing the road. In a second, I could here is scream as he was hit by a car and injured his leg. Here Matt Ritchell is right in focusing on multi – tasking while on phone as it is a very dangerous act. The use of cell- phone can have many adverse effect including legal penalties .It is seen that many times children use cell phone at schools which can get them punishment. Last month, one of my neighbor’s kid was thrown out of class due the use of cell phone during class hours. Even at work, excessive use of cell phone can result in harmful consequences. Few days back my friend’s brother was fired from work due to his excessive texting at work. In the article â€Å"Behavior: Imitation of Film: Heres Smoking at You, Kid† Nicholas Bakalar claims of the imitation of smoking behavior in children due to watching smoking in movies. Generally children have a high tendency to imitate, and smoking is the most easily imitated behavior from movies. According to a study conducted with 6522 children nationwide it was revealed that children exposed to smoking in movies had two and half times chance to start smoking. I agree with the author here as it is a proven fact that children exposed to smoking through movies have a high tendency to end up as smokers in future. It is usually observed that parents and government authorities ignore the effect of smoking in movies on young children. When last time I visited movies, I have noticed bunch of young children smoking outside the theatre.It could be that these children were regular visitor to

Privacy Supportive Geo-Location Search Software

Privacy Supportive Geo-Location Search Software Devika BV 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this document is to present a detailed description of the Locating Service Similarity with Privacy using queries. It will explain the purpose and features of the system, the interfaces of the system, what the system will do, the constraints under which it must operate and how the system will react to external stimuli. 1.2 Document Conventions 1.3 Product Scope This web application is chosen for an academic study and implementation. Location-based applications utilize the positioning capabilities of a mobile device to determine the current location of a user, and customize query results to include neighboring points of interests. However, location knowledge is often perceived as personal information. One of the immediate issues hindering the wide acceptance of location-based applications is the lack of appropriate methodologies that offer fine grain privacy controls to a user without vastly affecting the usability of the service. In specific, the following are the contributions towards this project. A novel architecture for LBS applications that is directed towards revealing privacy/utility trade-offs to a user before an actual geo-tagged query is made. A proof-of-concept design for a privacy-supportive local search location based search. 1.4 References Exploiting Service Similarity for Privacy in Location Based Search Queries Qin Liu, Guojun Rinku Dewri, Member, IEEE, and Ramakrisha Thurimella IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS VOL:25 NO:2 YEAR 2014 â€Å"Supporting Anonymous Location Queries in Mobile Environments with Privacy Grid,†in Proceedings of the 17th International World Wide Web Conference,2008, pp. 237–246. B. Bamba, L. Liu, P. Pesti, and T. Wang 2. Overall Description This section will give an overview of the whole system. The system will be explained in its context to show how the system interacts with other systems and introduce the basic functionality of it. It will also describe what type of stakeholders that will use the system and what functionality is available for each type. At last, the constraints and assumptions for the system will be presented. 2.1 Product Perspective To begin with, this is a very dynamic concept. Usability has a twofold meaning a) privacy controls should be intuitive yet flexible, and b) the intended purpose of an application is reasonably maintained It is worth mentioning that a separate line of research in analyzing anonymous location traces has revealed that user locations are heavily correlated, and knowing a few frequently visited locations can easily identify the user behind a certain trace. The privacy breach in these cases occurs because the location to identity mapping results in a violation of user anonymity. The system attempts to prevent the reverse mapping—from user identity to user location—albeit in a user-controllable manner. 2.2 Product Functions Mobile search is an evolving branch of information retrieval services that is centered on the convergence of mobile platforms and mobile phones, or that it can be used to tell information about something and other mobile devices. Web search engine ability in a mobile form allows users to find mobile content on websites which are available to mobile devices on mobile networks. The first module is to build a mobile search engine with ranking based approach to retrieve results with respect to the localized position of the user. Geo-tagging is a function, where devices can insert metadata with geographical information (coordinates) into a file such as photo, associating it with the geographic location it was taken at. In response to this first query phase, the user obtains a service-similarity profile. This profile is a representation of the similarities in the query output at different geographic locations. The exact form taken by this profile, as well as the data structures employed in computing this profile, may vary from application to application. A location movement engine on the user side then determines a noisy location to use based on the user’s privacy profile and the retrieved service-similarity profile. What is private and what is not private should be actually defined before the query has been raised, this helps the result set not to include those details that are private to the user and thus it would not be shared by the application. The service-contour inferencing is not just a collection of positions, but includes additional information about the businesses located at those positions such as names, addresses, categories, subcategories. Additionally, some specific values such as feedback score, the entire profile of the entity with personal information, so on and forth. The following could be the modules for this project: Login/Register module Search results by ranking module Similarity profiler service module Service-contour inferencing module 2.3 User Classes and Characteristics The user is expected to be Internet literate and be able to register/login and know how to search for information from the system. The user is expected to know how to provide information. The interface, however, provides easy access to all these, nonetheless, the user needs to know the basics to operate and get the best results. The user is expected to be Windows literate and to be able to use button, pull-down menus, and similar tools. There are two types of users who can interact with the system: 1. The registered users who will get access to information of the businesses for a specific location; 2. The business owners who may receive personal information regarding the user at a specific location. 2.4 Operating Environment The following Hardware configuration is expected to smoothly execute the project. Processor Pentium V or above Speed 2.1 GHz or above RAM 1 GB RAM Hard Disk 60 GB Key Board Standard Windows Keyboard Mouse Two or Three Button Mouse Monitor SVGA The following Software configuration is expected to smoothly execute the project. Operating System : Window 7 or above Language : C# (.NET Language) Front End : Visual Studio 2010 Database : SQL Server/Express Web Server :Internet Information Server (IIS 6.0) 2.5 Design and Implementation Constraints Since the application searches data from the database server, it is crucial that there is a good bandwidth/good system resource for the application to function. Data-base search can be laborious when we have larger-data to be executed. 2.6 Assumptions and Dependencies One assumption about the emulator product is that it will be always be used with internet connection, since it has to collect information about a random user moving from the API’s. It is also assumed that the internet connection is stable during these transactions. If not high, a moderate speed is required to operate with the system. Another assumption is that since the API’s are third-party services, this could go down or may not work as expected at times. However, it is assumed that the down-time may not be longer enough to disrupt the working of our emulators. 2.7 System Environment 3. External Interface Requirements This section provides a detailed description of all inputs into and outputs from the system. It also gives a description of the hardware, software and communication interfaces and provides basic prototypes of the user interface. 3.1 User Interfaces A first-time user of the mobile application should see the log-in page when user opens the application. If the user has not registered, they should be able to do that on the log-in page. Refer to Fig. 2. If the user is not a first-time user, they should be able to see the latitude and longitude information where the user is current located, see Figure 3. On selecting the user destination, the random movement is simulated and reported by the system. Fig. 2. Login Screen Fig. 3. Current Location Fig. 4. Random User Movement 3.2 Hardware Interfaces No external hardware devices are expected to be used in this project. A system with Windows Operating System running on it should be fine to run the web application. 3.3 Software Interfaces Windows Operating System (OS) XP or 7.0, SQL Server/Express will be used for the database storage. Multiple API’s and JavaScript’s would be used in this project. There may be some usage of the web services (as applicable). 3.4 Communications Interfaces The communication between the different parts of the system is important since they depend on each other. However, in what way the communication is achieved is not important for the system and is therefore handled by the underlying operating systems and the database for both the cloud and the web application. 4. System Features 4.1 Login/Registration Module The user should be able to register or login (if already a member) from the mobile emulator. The login/register module helps the user to locate his geo location and will be able to view the businesses/services surrounding the user. The system will also ensure that the privacy details of the user are shared only what is made â€Å"Public† or â€Å"Private† by the user. Modifications to this sensitive information are provided to the user by the system. 4.2 Search results by ranking module In general, a local search application provides information on local businesses, events, and/or friends, weighted by the location of the query issuer. Location and service accuracy trade-offs are clearly present in a local search LBS. A privacy-supportive variant is therefore well-suited for this application class. Local search results tend to cycle through periods of plateaus and minor changes as one moves away from a specified location. The plateaus provide avenues for relaxation in the location accuracy without affecting service accuracy, while the minor changes allow one to assess accuracy in a continuous manner. Given a search term (e.g. generic ones such as â€Å"cafes†, and targeted ones such as â€Å"starbucks coffee†) and a highly generalized user location (e.g. the metropolitan city), the privacy-supportive LBS generates a concise representation of the variation in the 10-nearest neighbor result set as a hypothetical user moves across the large metropolitan area. Once the representation is communicated to the user, he/she can infer the geographic variability that can be introduced in her location coordinates to retrieve all or a subset of the result set. 4.3 Similarity profiler service module This profile is a representation of the similarities in the query output at different geographic locations. The exact form taken by this profile, as well as the data structures employed in computing this profile, may vary from application to application. A location perturbation engine on the user side then determines a noisy location to use based on the user’s privacy profile and the retrieved service-similarity profile. The LBS processes the query with respect to the noisy location. 4.4 Service-contour inferencing module The result set from the query is not simply a collection of positions, but includes additional attributes about the businesses located at those positions. This could range from names, addresses, categories, subcategories, to specifics such as value, feedback scores, and entire profiles of individuals with personal information. The ranking function is often a well-guarded business secret on how these attributes are combined. Another approach is to send a set of similarity matrices to the user, one each corresponding to a specific co-ordinate in the grid. The approach requires the computation and transfer of an inordinate amount of information. 5. Other Nonfunctional Requirements 5.1 Performance Requirements The requirements in this section provide a detailed specification of the user interaction with the web application software and measurements placed on the system performance. The system on which this client application runs should have installed .NET framework 2. The following software(s) must be installed for smooth implementation of the project. Visual Studio 2012 IIS Web Server/Service SQL Server database Browser application such as Internet Explorer / Mozilla / Google Chrome Windows Mobile Emulator Windows operating system with wired or wireless internet connection 5.2 Safety Requirements All care should be taken to ensure that at any point there is no compromise on the safety requirement during the process of building/executing this project. At this time, there is none that needs serious consideration. 5.3 Security Requirements Database should be password-protected. The system should allow access to users only with a login credentials.

Compare and Contrast of a Two Grand Theories Essay

Virginia Henderson (1897-1996) is a Nursing Grand Theorist who was often referred to as the â€Å"first lady of nursing.† In the article by Nicely (2011) it depicts how she developed a nursing model which is based on activities of daily living. She believed that nursing as a profession stood separately from medicine. In this article, I was able to decipher how Henderson’s theory is applied to the specialized area of organ donation for transplantation. It is reflected that although organ coordinators are from different backgrounds such as: allied health professions, physicians’ assistants, and paramedics, most of them are â€Å"registered nurses.† Nicely (2011) portrays 14 different activities that Henderson identified for patient assistance which would allow patients to return back to independence: â€Å"eating and drinking, elimination of body waste, desirable posture/sleep and rest, select suitable clothing: dress and undress, avoiding dangers in the en vironment and avoid injuring others, maintaining body temperature within normal range, grooming/protecting the integument, communication with others, worship according to one’s faith, play and recreation, learn and discover† (Nicely, 2011, p.73). Henderson’s activities reflect on how nurses can provide a good foundation in which they can become more proficient in their abilities to provide care for their patients. She stressed the importance for including the patient’s family. In her theory, Henderson states the â€Å"the complexity and quality of the service is limited only by the imagination and the competence of the nurse who interprets it† (Nicely, 2011, p. 77). The article extrapolates very good points about how equally important it is for the nurse to work with the family, as well as the patient. The second article I chose by Merritt and Procter is entitled, â€Å"Conceptualizing the functional role of mental health consultation liaison nurse in multi-morbidity,† using Peplau’s theory. This article surmises the role of the mental health consultation liaison (MHCLN) and how it can be integrated to Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations. In the introduction of the article, it focuses on the importance of â€Å"mentally ill† patients being involved actively in their treatment and care planning. This article describes that â€Å"it is a global consensus that mental health care should be undertaken  collaboratively, no matter where the patients live, and in the least restrictive environment† (World Psychiatric Association, 2009, p.159). I agree with the above statement, as I work as a mental health consultant and psychiatric nurse. There is not enough being done to help the patients and their families in seeking psychiatric care and providing a continuum of care. It continues to be a â€Å"stigma† that needs to be addressed globally, so that the patients who are in utmost need of care are able to receive it. This includes medication, behavioral management, and psychotherapy by specialists in the field. Throughout my many years of practice in the mental health field, I have witnessed so much neglect instilled on the mentally ill patients. Many facilities have closed down, and in particular one research facility called the â€Å"Lafayette Clinic† which was linked to Wayne State University in MI, closed due to the government not prioritizing mental health in their budget. As a result, there are more homeless residents living on the streets and not being treated for their mental illness until something hap pens. At times, people who are living on the streets become loud, argumentative, and combative, hallucinate, injure someone, or themselves before any action is taken. I firmly believe in the stand of the MHCLN in helping to decrease the stigma of mental illness, as well as reducing patient’s symptoms by providing a â€Å"means† for treatment. Education and research are a â€Å"key source†, as well as funding for the above to happen. Merritt’s paper represents a stepping stone in my opinion to many patients that are out there suffering and being belittled by their mental illness. The use of Peplau’s interpersonal relations theory if placed fully into practice can help patients adjust to their mental illness, and through education they would be able to have somewhat of a grasp on their illness, the importance of taking their medications, and seeing a psychiatrist and/or psychologist on a regular basis. Once stabilized, the mental health patient can reap the benefits of engaging in a more normalized lifestyle and have a better chance of adjusting to the roles that are not always able to participate in. This paper provides good insight into Peplau’s interpersonal relations theory. The methodologies utilized provide patients with an avenue to work through their psychological distress, and adjustment to changes that occur as a result of their illness. More research and education is necessary to provide the interventions that are  necessary in stabilizing the patients who suffer from mental illness. The nurse is of key importance in facilitating this process with the patient and their families, as well as the psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, recreational therapist, and mental health worker. In comparing Henderson’s article to Peplau’s article there is some correlation as to the importance in working with families, as well as the patient who is also â€Å"stressed†. In Nicely’s article, the donor patient is usually deceased, or if not deceased, the nurse works with both the patient and the family. Henderson’s theory allows the nurse to be patient as well as family focused. In Merritt’s article, it is both important for the nurse to work with the patient and family as well. In both articles, I feel that the â€Å"nurse† serves as an â€Å"advocate† in different ways, one from a medical perspective, and the other from a psychological perspective, however these can be intertwined as the families who lost a loved one due to â€Å"brain death† and a transplantation will occur, also need emotional support. Nurse-patient relationship encompasses many strategies throughout both articles. In Peplau’s psychodynamic nursing theory four phases of a nurse-patient relationship are identified: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution. By utilizing these phases, it will allow a nurse to better identify, respond to patient’s need, and build trust. Both articles stress the importance of â€Å"nurses† in different types of roles, one as an â€Å"organ donation coordinator†, and the other as a  "mental health liaison or consultant† providing psychological and emotional support to families. References: Merritt, M. K. & Procter, N. (2010). Conceptualizing the functional role of mental health consultation-liaison nurse in multi-morbidity, using Peplau’s nursing theory. Contemporary Nurse 34(2). 158-166. https://lmscontent.embanet.com/MVU/NURS600/Readings/W3_Peplau.pdf Nicely, B., & DeLario, G. T. (2011). Virginia Henderson’s principles and practice of nursing applied to organ donation after brain death. Progress in transplantation, 21(1), 72-77. https://lmscontent.embanet.com/MVU/NURS600/Readings/W3_Nicely2011.pdf

Immune System and Page Ref

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9e (Marieb) Chapter 12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Short Answer Figure 12. 1 Using Figure 12. 1, identify the following: 1) A lymph capillary is indicated by letter __________. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 2) A lymph node is indicated by letter __________. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 3) The lymph duct is indicated by lettter __________. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 4) Blood capillaries are indicated by letter __________. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 5) Lymphatic collecting vessels are indicated by letter __________. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 1 Figure 12. Using Figure 12. 2, identify the following: 6) The spleen is indicated by letter __________. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 7) The tonsils are indicated by letter __________. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 8) The thymus gland is indicated by letter __________. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 9) The Peyer's patches are indicated by letter __________. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 10) The lymphoid organ that destroys worn-out blood cells is indicated by letter __________. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407 2 11) The lymphoid tissues that trap and remove bacteria that enter the throat are indicated by letter __________.Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407-408 Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:12) Lymph fluid and some plasma proteins originate (escape) from the _________ _. Answer: blood plasma Diff: 2 Page Ref: 403-40413) Excess accumulations of fluid, which impair the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called __________. Answer: edema Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40314) The fibrous capsule of lymph nodes contains strands called __________ that divide the node into compartments. Answer: trabeculae Diff: 3 Page Ref: 40615) Lymph exits the lymph node via the __________ vessels. Answer: efferent lymphatic Diff: 2Page Ref: 40616) The role of the __________ in the lymphatic system is to remove worn -out blood cells and return some of the products to the liver. Answer: spleen Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40717) Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that p rotect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as __________. Answer: MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) Diff: 3 Page Ref: 40818) Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body are called __________. Answer: pathogens Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40919) The process by which WBCs and phagocytes migrate to an area experiencing acute inflammation is called __________. Answer: chemotaxis Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41120) The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls is called __________. Answer: diapedesis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 412 321) The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surf ace is called __________. Answer: complement fixation Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41322) One effect of complement fixation that causes the cell membranes of foreign cells to become sticky so that they are easier to phagocytize is called __________.Answer: opsonization Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41323) C ells studded with protein molecules found on our own cells that do not trigger an immune response within us (but may within others) are called __________. Answer: self-antigens (autoantigens) Diff: 1 Page Ref: 41624) Troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective are called __________. Answer: haptens Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41625) When an antigen binds to B cell surface receptors, it becomes sensitized (activated) and undergoes __________. Answer: clonal selection Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41826) When B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them, we exhibit __________. Answer: active immunity Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42027) Antibodies constitute an important part of blood proteins and are also referred to as __________. Answer: immunoglobulins Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42128) The five major immunoglobulin classes are __________. Answer: IgM, IgA, IdD, IgG, IgE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42229) The binding of antibodies to specific sit es on bacterial exotoxins or viruses is called __________. Answer: neutralization Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42430) The clumping of foreign cells, a type of antigen-antibody reaction, is called __________.Answer: agglutination Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42431) Killer T cells, which kill virus-invaded body cells, are also called __________. Answer: cytotoxic T cells Diff: 3 Page Ref: 425 432) Antigens that produce abnormally vigorous immune responses whereby the immune system causes tissue damage as it fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless are called __________. Answer: allergens or hypersensitivities Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43033) Systemic (bodywide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called __________.Answer: anaphylactic shock Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43034) AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called __________. Answer: helper T cells Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43135) A tr opical disease that results when parasitic worms clog the lymphatic vessels is called __________. Answer: elephantiasis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 431Multiple Choice1) The fluid that is forced out of the capillary beds by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and into the tissue spaces is called: A) arterial blood B) venous blood C) plasma D) interstitial fluid E) lymph Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 403-4042) Lymph flows: A) in a circular pattern within the tissues B) away from the heart only C) toward the heart only D) both toward and away from the heart E) into the capillaries Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4043) Lymph from the left arm would return to the heart through the: A) inferior vena cava B) thoracic duct C) right lymphatic duct D) left subclavian artery E) aorta Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 404; 406 54) Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return: A) milking action of skeletal muscles B) pressure changes within the thorax C) the pumping action of the heart D) smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels E) presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4045) Which one of the following is NOT true of lymph nodes: A) they remove foreign materials from the lymph fluid B) they have valves similar to those found in veins C) they contain lymphocytes D) they act as filters along the lymphatic vessels E) they contain macrophages Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 405-4066) Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver: A) tonsils B) spleen C) thymus gland D) tonsils E) Peyer's patches Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407 ) Which lymphoid tissues trap and remove bacteria entering the throat: A) axillary lymph nodes B) cervical lymph nodes C) tonsils D) Peyer's patches E) thymus gland Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4088) Which one of the following is NOT a type of lymphoid organ: A) spleen B) thymus gland C) tonsils D) appendix E) Peyer's patches Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407-408 69) The lymph organ that programs T cells and functions at peak levels only during youth is the: A) thymus B) spleen C) appendix D) tonsils E) Peyer's patches Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40810) The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called: A) tonsils B) appendix C) Peyer's patches D) thymus tissues E) intestinal nodes Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40811) Which of these lymphoid organs is found along the left side of the abdominal cavity: A) spleen B) Peyer's patches C) thymus gland D) tonsils E) axillary lymph nodes Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40712) Musoca-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) includes: A) spleen B) thymus gland C) tonsils only D) tonsils and Peyer's patches E) tonsils and spleen Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 40813) The body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease -causing microorganisms is: A) phagocytes B) natural killer cells C) skin and mucous membranes D) inflammatory response E) fever Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 409 714) Compared to the nonspecific chemicals that cover body surfaces and mucous membranes, the specific body defense system is: A) faster B) slower C) the same speed D) sometimes faster and sometimes slower E) not comparable in speed Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40915) Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses: A) intact skin B) antibody production C) the inflammatory response D) fever E) natural killer cells Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 409-41516) The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary wall s during the inflammatory process is called: A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) diapedesis D) coagulation E) antibody production Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41217) Which one of the following is NOT one of the four most common indic ators of the inflammatory response: A) redness B) heat C) swelling D) fever E) pain Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 410-41218) The migration of phagocytes and white blood cells to an inflamed ar ea along a chemical gradient is called: A) diapedesis B) chemotaxis C) immunity D) perforins E) complement fixationAnswer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 411 819) The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT: A) dilate blood vessels B) attract phagocytes to the area C) stimulate release of lysozyme D) cause capillaries to become leaky E) activate pain receptors Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 411-41220) Tissues invaded by viruses, which attempt to replicate themselves by taking over cellular machinery, secrete small proteins called __________ to protect nearby cells and hinder further multiplication of the viruses. A) histamine B) interferon C) kinins D) interleukins E) pyrogens Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 413; 41521) The body's temperature-regulating â€Å"thermostat† that can be reset upward in response to pyrogens is located in the: A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) pineal gland D) cerebellum E) medulla oblongata Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 41522) Fever has the effect of doing all of the following EXCEPT: A) denaturing (scrambling) proteins B) stimulating the liver and spleen to gather up iron and zinc C) increasing metabolic rate of tissue cells D) stimulating complement fixation E) speeding up repair processes Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41523) The study of immunity is called: A) histology B) anatomy C) pathology D) immunology E) microbiology Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 415 924) Which of the following substances is NOT typically perceived as an antigen: A) pollen grains B) bacteria C) self-antigens D) fungi E) virus particles Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41625) Which one of the following CANNOT be said about the history of immunity: A) the ancient Greeks knew something existed within the body to protect it from infectious disease B) scientists of the 1800s discovered â€Å"factors† now called antibodies C) scientists of the 1800s demonstrated that immune serum could protect another animal from diseaseD) scient ists of the mid-1900s discovered the viral origin of AIDS E) scientists of the mid-1900s discovered that injection of serum containing antibodies did NOT always protect a recipient from disease Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41526) Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be: A) clonal B) incompetent C) immune D) immunocompetent E) complemented Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41627) The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist is determined by: A) individual exposure to the specific foreign substance B) individual genetic makeup C) the total number of lymphocytes present at a given time D) the total number of macrophages at a given time E) the total number of self-antigens at a given time Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41728) Which one of the following is NOT true of macrophages: A) they are considered the â€Å"big eate rs† of the immune system B) they engulf foreign particles C) they circulate continuously throughout the body D) they act as antigen presenters E) they secrete monokines Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 418 1029) B cells develop immunocompetence in the: A) thymus gland B) bone marrow C) spleen D) thyroid gland E) lymph nodes Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41730) The specific type of acquired immunity that a fetus obtains from maternal antibodies that cross the placenta is called: A) naturally acquired active immunity B) naturally acquired passive immunity C) artificially acquired active immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) artificially acquired natural immunity Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42031) What specific type of acquired immunity do vaccines provide: A) naturally acquired active immunity B) naturally acquired passive immunity C) artificially acquired active immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) naturally acquired artificial immunity Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42032) Vaccines are NOT for: A) pneumonia B) tetanus C) measles D) snake bites E) polio Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42033) Immune sera are used for all of the following EXCEPT: A) tuberculosis B) rabies C) snake bites D) botulism E) tetanus Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 421 1134) Which one of the following is NOT true of basic antibody structure: A) they consist of four amino acid chains B) they are linked together by disulfide bonds C) the heavy chains are identicalD) the heavy chains are about 400 amino acids long E) the light chains are often of differing lengths Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 421-42235) Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies: A) they are the same or nearly the same B) they form the â€Å"stem† of an antibody C) they determine the specific type of antibody class formed D) they form an antigen-binding site E) they determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 4223 6) Which one of the following is NOT one of the antibody classes: A) IgA B) IgB C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42237) IgA: A) is mainly found in mucus and secretions such as tears and saliva B) is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy C) is the most abundant antibody in blood plasma D) can fix complement E) is involved in allergies Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 42338) Which one of the following is NOT a method by which antibodies inactivate antigen s: A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 423-424 1239) The specific antibody class that has the ability to cross the placental barrier and provide immunity to the fetus is: A) IgM B) IgA C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 422-42340) The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called: A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) co mplement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42441) Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of: A) T cells B) B cells C) plasma cell D) antigen-presenting cells E) antibodies Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42542) An isograft is a tissue graft donated by: A) an unrelated person B) a parent C) a different animal species D) the same person E) an identical twin Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42743) Which one of the following is NOT a type of immunosuppressive therapy given after surgery to prevent rejection of a graft: A) corticosteroids B) radiation C) antiproliferative drugs D) gamma globulin E) immunosuppressive drugs Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 429 1344) With immediate hypersensitivy, the antibody class that binds to mast cells and basophils that trigger the release of histamine and other chemicals is: A) IgM B) IgA C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 422-42345) Allergic contact dermatitis following skin co ntact with poison ivy would normally lead to: A) immediate hypersensitivity B) acute hypersensitivity C) delayed hypersensitivity D) anaphylactic shock E) immunodeficiency Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43146) The relatively common autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroxine is called: A) multiple sclerosis B) Graves' disease C) myasthenia gravis D) glomerulonephritis E) systemic lupus erythematosis Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42947) Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease: A) AIDS B) multiple sclerosisÃ'‚C) Graves' disease D) type I diabetes mellitus E) rheumatoid arthritis Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 429True/False1) The flaplike minivalves of the lymph capillaries act like one -way swinging doors that allow lymph fluid to enter the lymph capillaries but not exit. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4042) The daughter cells of B cells, called plasma cells, release antibodies. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 418 143) Lymph in the ri ght arm is returned to the heart via the right lymphatic duct. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4044) The thymus gland, found around the trachea, programs certain lymphocytes. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4085) The tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, and Peyer's patches are referred to as mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT). Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4086) Natural killers are unique phagocytic defense cells that can kill cancer cells and virus infected body cells well before the immune system i s activated. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4107) Some pathologists consider limitation of joint movement to be an additional fifth cardinal sign of inflammation. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4128) The final disposal of cell debris as inflammation subsides is performed by neutrophils. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 4129) The nonspecific defense by which complement proteins attach to sugars or proteins on the surface of foreign cells is called complement fixation. Answer: TRUE Diff : 1 Page Ref: 41310) Chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign substances that can increase body temperature are called pyrogens. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 41511) Fever is a systemic response triggered by pyrogens. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41512) Like all blood cells, lymphocytes originate from hemocytoblasts contained within red bone marrow. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41613) Macrophages arise from monoctyes formed within the bone marrow. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 418 1514) Extremely weakened pathogens that are still alive are attenuated. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42015) Artificially acquired passive immunity is conferred when o ne receives immune serum for poisonous snake bites. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 42116) Antibodies are also referred to as immunoglobulins. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42117) There are three major immunoglobulin classes: IgM, IgA , and IgD. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42218) The antibody a mo ther passes to her fetus is IgM. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-42319) The process that occurs when antibodies clump foreign cells is called agglutination. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42420) Memory cells are descendants of an activated B or T cell. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 42721) An antibody is a substance capable of provoking an immune response. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41622) Tissue grafts harvested from an unrelated person are called xenografts. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42723) Allografts are tissue grafts taken from an unrelated person. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42724) Allergies, or hypersensitivities, are normal immune responses. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43025) Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system loses its ability to tolerate self antigens while still recognizing and attaching foreign antigens. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 429 1626) Our immune system can be affected by severe stress. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 435 Matchi ng Match the following descriptions with the appropriate lymphoid organ or tissue:1) Located on the left side of the A) thymus gland abdominal cavity Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 B) spleen2) Trap and remove bacteria and pathogens entering the throat Diff: 2 Page Ref: 408 C) Peyer's patches D) tonsils3) Located overlying the heart Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4084) Filters and cleanses the blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407-4085) Located in the wall of the small intestines Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4086) Located in the pharynx (throat) Diff: 1 1) B Page Ref: 408 2) D 3) A 4) B 17 5) C 6) D Match the following protective mechanism with its associated element:7) Traps microorganisms in A) nasal hairs respiratory and digestive tracts Diff: 1 Page Ref: 409 B) mucus C) acid mantle8) Inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi in female reproductive tract Diff: 1 Page Ref: 409 E) keratin ) Contains lysozyme Diff: 2 D) lacrimal secretions F) cilia Page Ref: 409 G) gastric juice10) Provides resistance against acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40911) Filters and traps microorganisms within inhaled air Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40912) Contains concentrated hydrochloric acid and protein-digested enzymes that destroy pathogens within the stomach Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40913) Propels debris-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages Diff: 1 7) B 13) F Page Ref: 409 8) C 9) D 10) E 18 11) A 12) G Match the following biological function with its antibody class:14) Believed to be cell surface A) IgD receptor of immunocompetent B cell Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-423 B) IgG C) IgA15) First immunoglobulin class released to plasma by plasma cells during primary response Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-423 D) IgM E) IgE16) Main antibody of primary and secondary responses Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-42317) Bathes and protects mucosal surfaces from attachment of pathogens Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-42318) Triggers the release of histamine Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-42319) Potent agglutinating agent D iff: 3 Page Ref: 422-42320) Crosses placenta and provides passive immunity to fetus Diff: 3 14) A 20) B Page Ref: 422-423 15) D 6) B 17) C 18) E 19) DEssay1) Explain the origin and pathway of lymph. Answer: Lymph fluid arises from blood plasma that has been forced out of the capillary beds by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures. The fluid left behind is called interstitial fluid. The interstitial fluid is then picked up by lymph capillaries, after which it is called lymph. Lymph is routed up the lymphatic vessels until it is finally returned to the venous system through either the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 403-404 192) Describe the methods the body uses to help return lymph to the heart.Answer: The return of lymph to the heart is aided by: 1. the milking action of the skeletal muscles, 2. pressure changes in the thorax during brea thing, 3. smooth muscles in the walls of the larger lymphatics contract rhythmically. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 404-4053) Describ e several of the protective chemicals produced by the skin and mucous membranes. Answer: Skin produces acid secretions that inhibit bacterial growth, and sebum contains chemicals that are toxic to bacteria. Vaginal secretions are highly acidic. The stomach mucosa secretes hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes, both of which can kill pathogens. Saliva and tears contain lysozyme, an enzyme that destroys bacteria. Mucus is a sticky mucous membrane secretion that traps microorganisms. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4094) Identify the four most common indicators and major symptoms of an acute inflammatory response and explain their origins. Answer: The four most common indicators of the inflammatory response are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Redness and heat are a result of dilation of blood vessels that increase blood flow to the injured area. Swelling occurs when increa sed permeability of the capillaries allows plasma to leak from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. The excess f luid, or edema, triggers the activation of pain receptors in the area, accounting for the pain associated with an injury. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 410-4125) List and describe the cells and chemicals the body uses as its second line of defense. Answer: 1. Phagocytes, such as neutrophils or macrophages, engulf foreign particles. These cells are in nearly every body organ and confront pathoge ns that make it through the surface membrane barriers. 2. Natural killer cells, found in blood and lymph, are lymphocytes. They can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells. 3. The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response that occurs when body tissues are injured. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 409-4116) Describe the four major types of transplant grafts. Answer: Autografts are tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another within the same person. Isografts are tissue grafts harves ted from a genetically identical person (identical twin). Allografts are tissue grafts harvested from an unre lated person. Xenografts are tissue grafts harvested from different animal species. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4277) Explain three current theories that attempt to explain why self-tolerance breaks down in autoimmune disorders.Answer: Inefficient lymphocyte programming is one theory that suggests self-reactive B or T cells escape to the rest of the body. Another theory is that self -proteins appear within the circulation that were not previously exposed to the immune system, thus initiating an immune response. These â€Å"hidden† antigens are found in sperm cells, the eye lens, and thyroid proteins. Another theory is that antibodies produced against fore ign antigens cross-react with self-antigens such as when streptococcal bacteria crossreact with heart antigens causing rheumatic fever. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 429 20